Music essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music - Essay Example Occasionally, certain similarities in musical characteristics may emerge between different eras. However, there are unique and notable distinction between musical styles from the medieval and that from baroque or renaissance periods. Medieval, also referred to as the Middle Ages, is characterized by monophonic musical texture. Monophonic texture has a single melody. Melodic lines are not only simple but also pure in vocal uniformity. In medieval music, the relationship between voices is in perfect consonance. In terms of accompanying sounds, medieval music used limited instruments. Absence of instruments can be witnessed in the iconic music, Canticles of Ecstasy by Hildegard. In fact, simple instruments like bells and flutes were introduced towards the end of the medieval period. Among the most famous composers of medieval music include Hildegard von Bingen from Germany, Guillaume, de Machaut from France and Francesco Landini from Italy (Smith 29). Despite the difference in the composers’ cultural backgrounds, all their music had pure and solemn melodic textures. This style of solemnity and purity in melody is a unique characteristic of medieval music. Renaissance is synonymous to rebirth. This was a period of renewal. Renaissance witnessed increased advances in social, cultural and economic aspects of life. Music from this period evolved substantially. Medieval music was monophonic with pure melodies and limited use of instruments. Contrarily, renaissance musical styles disregarded monophonic melodies at the expense of polyphonic melodies. In medieval music, there was no range in tonal variations. However, renaissance favored a wide range of tonal variation and often blended different tones to create intervallic polyphony (Smith 31). Unlike medieval music with only one tone, renaissance music comprised of two-four tones. Multiplicty in tones is evidenced in Farnon’s song, The

A PROBLEM IN LAND-USE PLANNING ABOUT THE STRIP MINING AND Term Paper

A PROBLEM IN LAND-USE PLANNING ABOUT THE STRIP MINING AND POWER-RELATED USE OF LIGNITE - Term Paper Example With the potential of generating acidic waters, because of exposure to oxidizing atmospheric conditions, it is therefore understandable on the part of environmentalists being cautious. In addition, is the ever-present nature of human health impacts and effects; especially based on their sources of drinking water. It is generally pre-supposed that aquifers and other water systems are inter-connected. Hence, in the case of such mining activities, there is a potential of such delicate systems being polluted. Drinking water (for human consumption as well as animal feeding) would be impacted upon. In addition would be the greater negative effect on the pre-present bio-diversity; affecting negatively on the existing flora and fauna. Air pollution would also be present, especially from the dust spewed and waste materials exposed in such mining processes. Fundamentally so is the fact that while reclamation is possible, it is the long-duration of time that is of concern; further worsened by t he fact that such land is never as fertile and productive as before the mining process itself. Great reasoning is essential before making such a decision that is likely to influence a greater population, as well as surrounding environmental eco-systems. Lignite, as a mineral resource, is also referred to as brown coal, a soft brown sedimentary rock which being combustible, is naturally formed from peat, which has undergone gradual compression. While considered the lowest in rank amongst the fossil fuel types because of its somewhat low heat content, it continues to enjoy considerable attention given the various regional areas in which it is mined. Mined in Europe and North America, as well as Australia and India, as Ghassemi (2001) portrays, lignite is exclusively utilized as a fossil fuel especially in various steam-electric power

Objectives And Techniques Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay

Objectives And Techniques Of Fiscal Policy Economics Essay Fiscal Policys first word Fiscal is taken from  French  word Fisc which means treasure of Govt. Fiscal policy concerns itself with the aggregate effect of government expenditure and taxation on income, employment and production. It refers to the instruments by which a government tries to regulate or modify the economic affairs of the economy keeping in view certain objectives. Thus, fiscal policy is a package of economic measures of government regarding its public expenditure, public revenue and public debt .Fiscal Policy is the most important part of Economic Policy .So ,we can define fiscal policy as the revenue and expenditure policy of Govt. of India .It becomes the prime duty of Government to frame fiscal policy . By making this policy , Govt. collects money from his different resources and utilize it in different expenditure . Thus fiscal policy is related to development policy. Through this paper the objectives , techniques, stances and limitations of a fiscal policy are b eing discussed .An attempt is also been made to highlight the achievements and progress of the fiscal policy of India. Introduction The term fiscal has been derived from the greek word fisc, meaning a basket to symbolize the public purse.. Fiscal policy thus means the policy related to the treasury of the government. Fiscal policy is a part of general economic policy of the government which is primarily concerned with the budget receipts and expenditures of the government. All welfare projects are completed under this policy .It also suggests measures to control economic fluctuations which may become violent and create great upheavals in the socio-economic structure of the economy. It also outlines the influence of resource utilization on the level of aggregate demand through affecting the level of aggregate consumption and investment expenditure. Definitions According to U. Hicks Fiscal policy is concerned with the manner in which all the different elements of public finance , while still primarily concerned with carrying out their own duties, may collectively be geared to forward the aims of economic policy. According to Arthur Smithies Fiscal policy is a policy under which the government uses its expenditure and revenue programmes to produce desirable effects and avoid undesirable effects on the national income ,production and employment. Objectives of Fiscal Policy There are following objectives of fiscal policy :- 1.  Development of Country :- Every country has to make fiscal policy for development of Country . With this policy , all work like govt. planning and proper use of funds for development functions is done . If govt. does not make fiscal policy , then it can happen that revenues are misused  without  targeted  expenditure of Government. 2. Employment :- Getting the full employment is also the objective of fiscal policy . Govt. can take many actions for increasing employment. Government can fix certain amount which can be  utilized  for creation of new employment opportunities for unemployed people . 3. Inequality :- In developing country like India , we can see the difference one basis of earning . 10% of people are earning more than Rs. 100000 per day and other are earning less than Rs . 100 per day . By making a good fiscal policy , govt. can reduce this difference if govt makes it as its target . 4. Fixation of Govt. Responsibility:- It is the duty of Govt. to effective use of resources and by making of fiscal policy different ministers accountability can be checked . I was seeing the Episode of Chanakya on  YouTube  in which I found that in old time fiscal policy was made and treasury officer and even prime minister are also responsible for any shortage of govt .fund Techniques of Fiscal Policy   1. Taxation Policy   It is one of the powerful instruments of fiscal policy in the hands of public authorities which greatly affects changes in disposable income ,consumption and investment. Taxation policy is relates to new amendments in direct tax and indirect tax . Every year Govt. of India passes the finance bill . In this policy govt. determines the rate of taxes . Govt. can increase or decrease these tax rates and amend previous rules of taxation .Govt.s earnings main source is taxation . But more tax on public will adverse effect on the development of economy. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ If Govt. will increase taxes , more burden will be on the public and it will reduce production and purchasing power of public . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ If Govt. will decrease taxes , then publics purchasing power will increase and it will increase the inflation. Govt. analyzes   both the situation and will make his taxation policy more progressive . 2. Govt. Expenditure Policy   There are large number of public expenditure like opening of govt schools , colleges and universities , making of bridges , roads and new railway tracks . For the above projects govt has paid large amount for purchasing   and paying wages and salaries ,however ,all these expenditures are paid after making govt. expenditure policy . Govt. can increase or decrease the amount of public expenditure by changing govt. budget . So , govt. expenditure is technique of fiscal policy by using this , govt. use his fund   first on very necessary sector and other will be done after this . 3. Deficit Financing Policy   If Govt.s expenditures are more than his revenue , then govt. should have to collect this amount . This amount is deficit and it can be fulfilled by issuing new currency by central bank of country . But , it will reduce the purchasing power of currency . More new currency will increase inflation and after inflation value of currency will   decrease . So, deficit financing is very serious issue in the front of govt. Govt. should use it , if there is no other source of govt. earning . 4. Public Debt Policy If Govt. thinks that deficit financing is not sufficient for fulfilling the public expenditure or if govt. does not resort to deficit financing , then govt. can take loan from   world bank , or take loan from public by the way of issuing govt. securities and bonds . But it will also increase the cost of debt in the form of interest which govt. has to pay on   the amount of loan . So, govt. has to necessarily make solid budget for this and after taking into consideration the amount which is taken as debt. This policy   can also use as the technique of fiscal policy for increase the treasure of govt. Internal sources of debt include market loans, compensation bonds,15 years annuity certificates ,small private savings through various saving schemes. External sources includes in borrowing from the external market ,from international institutions such as the World bank, IMF IDA etc and the governments of other countries. 5.Budget .Fiscal policy operates through the budget .Thus it is also called budgetary policy. The term budget is derived from a French word Bougette which means a leather bag or a wallet used to carry financial papers. The budget of a nation is a useful instrument to assess the fluctuations in an economy. Different budgetary principles have been formulated by the economists ,prominently known as the annual budget ,cyclical balanced budget and full y managed compensatory budget. Fiscal Consolidation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ With recovery taking root, there is a need to review public spending, mobilise resources and gear them towards building the productivity of the economy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fiscal policy shaped with reference to the recommendations of the Thirteenth Finance Commission, which has recommended a calibrated exit strategy from the expansionary fiscal stance of last two years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It would be for the first time that the Government would target an explicit reduction in its domestic public debt-GDP ratio. Stances of fiscal policy The three possible stances of fiscal policy are neutral, expansionary and contractionary. The simplest definitions of these stances are as follows: A neutral stance of fiscal policy implies a balanced economy. This results in a large tax revenue. Government spending is fully funded by tax revenue and overall the budget outcome has a neutral effect on the level of economic activity. An expansionary stance of fiscal policy involves government spending exceeding tax revenue. A contractionary fiscal policy occurs when government spending is lower than tax revenue. However, these definitions can be misleading because, even with no changes in spending or tax laws at all, cyclical fluctuations of the economy cause cyclical fluctuations of tax revenues and of some types of government spending, altering the deficit situation; these are not considered to be policy changes. . Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral fiscal policy stance. Methods of funding Governments spend money on a wide variety of things, from the military and police to services like education and healthcare, as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. This expenditure can be funded in a number of different ways: Taxation Seigniorage, the benefit from printing money Borrowing money from the population or from abroad Consumption of fiscal reserves. Sale of fixed assets (e.g., land). All of these except taxation are forms of deficit financing. Some facts about fiscal policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Government revenues and expenditures dont need to balance every year but over one business cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Functional finance is the principle that government budgets should be geared to the yearly needs of the economy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Defenders of functional finance are those who believe fiscal policy is a powerful stabilization tool. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The choice of fiscal policy guideline depends on the governments belief in fiscal policy as an effective tool for stabilizing the economy . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢In 1970s and 1980s Canada believed in functional finance but recently has made unsuccessful attempts to move toward cyclically balanced budgets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Government deficits were highest during recessions during the early 1980s and early 1990s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tax revenues fell with slumping incomes during that time as a result of the automatic stabilizers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Discretionary expansionary policy also contributed since federal government increased purchases of goods and services to counteract the effects of sagging outputs and incomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1990s downturn caused a concern over increased public debt and lowered confidence in discretionary fiscal policies to counteract a recession. Achievements of fiscal policy in India The fiscal policy has played an important role in the following fields. Mobilization of resources To finance the development need of India ,the government has extensively used the fiscal policy. The policy of public borrowing and deficit financing has enable the government to raise huge amounts of resources for development. Increasing tax GDP ratio is a good indication of the increasing mobilization of resources. The tax GDP ratio was only 6.7 percent in 1950-51 but it has reached to 17.3 % in 2006-07. Increase in savings The fiscal policy has been successful in raising the rate of savings in the household sector, corporate sector and public sector. To encourage savings, prize based schemes to encourage savings, expansion of the network of savings bank, post office schemes. Increase in capital formation Capital formation involves three stages-incentive to save, mobilization of savings and investment of savings .The fiscal policy has tried to influence all the three stages .A well spread network of postal banks ,savings bank, commercial banks, financial institutions and money market is there to collect peoples savings .The government has also been successful in using the savings of the public of the public sector for development. Incentives to investment The government has exclusively used it to influence the government decisions of the private sector. Various tax concessions ,tax rebates, subsidies and fiscal incentives are given to investors. Cottage and small scale industries have survived due to the support of the fiscal policy. The government is mobilizing increased amounts of resources through public borrowings and deficit financing to push up the level of investment in infrastructure ,social sectors, exploration and development of natural resources. Reduction in Income and wealth Inequalities To create equitable conditions in the society ,a progressive tax system has been adopted in the realm of direct taxes. The rate of taxes on income goes on increasing with the increase in income .Direct and indirect taxes are used to mop up more resources from the richer sections of the society. Luxuries are heavily taxed. The government has also launched several poverty eradication programmes to directly benefit the poor people. The poor sections of the society are provided with subsidized grains and other essential items of consumption. Reduction in inter regional variations The states like Bihar, U.P. ,Rajasthan ,Madhya Pradesh, Orissa etc. are given preference while transferring resources from the center to the states .Both statutory and non statutory channels of resource transfer are being used for the purpose. The government of India also gives discretionary grants to economically poor states. In addition to this special incentives, subsidies and concessions are given for locating industrial units in backward regions. Limitations of Fiscal Policy   1.Inadequate resource mobilization The fiscal policy has achieved a mixed success in mobilization of resources. The defective tax system ,limited base of direct taxes ,exemption of agriculture from direct taxation ,evasion of taxes ,inefficient and corrupt tax collection machinery are some of the causes of poor tax collection in the country. Another cause of poor resource mobilization is the low share of non-tax revenue in the total revenue receipts. 2. Inflation of India is increasing rapidly after issuing new notes for payment of govt. of expenses and in this inflation, prices of necessary goods are increasing very fastly. Living of poor people has become difficult due to this . So , these signs show the failure of Indian fiscal policy. 3. Govt. fiscal policy has failed to reduce the black money . Even large amount of   past minister is in the form of black money which is deposited in Swiss Bank. 4. After taking loan from world bank under the fiscal policys debt technique , govt. has to follow the rules and regulations framed by world bank and IMF . These rules are more harmful for developing small domestic business of India. These organizations are inter related with WTO and they intend to stop Indian domestic Industry. 5.  After expending large amount for generating new employment under fiscal policy , rate of unemployment is increasing fastly and big lines on govt. employment exchange can be seen generally in working days . Database of employment exchanges are full from educated unemployed candidates . 6. Fiscal policy and inflation The direct taxes are the main instruments of the fiscal policy. The rise in the rates of direct taxes result in the reduction of the disposable income of the people .The indirect taxes contribute more than four-fifths of the tax revenue .Taxes on commodities, sales taxes ,excise duties, customs etc .add to the prices of commodities .Increase in the rates of sales taxes and excise duties immediately cause a rise in the price level. Conclusion Thus, the fiscal policy encompasses two separate but related decisions; public expenditures and the level and structure of taxes. It occupies the central place for maintaining full employment without inflationary forces in the economy. With its various instruments it influences the economic stability of an economy. The fiscal policy of the Indian government has been very successful in several fields such as mobilization of resources for economic development, increasing rate of savings and capital formation, developing cottage and small scale industries ,reducing the incidence of poverty etc. Despite a few drawbacks of this policy, India has truly achieved a considerable level of fiscal maturity.

Hawaiian Sovereignty Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Hawaii Essays

Hawaiian Sovereignty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If all of this seems long ago and far away, it is worth remembering that the past is never past.† (Faulkner cited in Ellison, P.274)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many different groups today are seeking the sovereignty of Hawaii. The reason being that these mostly Native Hawaiian groups feel that they suffered a severe injustice when they were annexed into the United States against their own free will. They feel that since they were treated like objects rather than human beings with rights and emotions, they now deserve reparations. The intentions of the different groups vary. Some only want reparations in the form of money and acknowledgements of the inhuman acts that were committed against them and others want it in the form of independence for the island. However, restoring sovereignty to Hawaii would cause great injustices toward the non-natives living on the island today. So these groups should not be granted the sovereignty they are seeking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"When we have pleaded for understanding our character has been distorted, when we have asked for simple caring, we have been handed empty inspirational appellations, then stuck in the farthest corner.†(Walker, p. 698). When the United States managed to annex Hawaii in 1898, they did break the law and the human code of conduct. A joint resolution of Congress produced the annexation rather than a two-thirds majority vote, which is required under the United States Constitution. (MacKenzie, p.24) Also, the Native Hawaiians were vastly opposed to the annexation because it violated a treaty the U.S. had with Hawaii stating that they would not interfere with Hawaii’s right to self-government. (Castanha, p.2) So when the U.S. held a vote on whether or not Hawaii should become a state, many Hawaiians did not vote because their only choices were statehood or staying a territory of the U.S. and they did not want either of these. Many people today question the validity of the statehood because of the legal violations of long ago. Also, as human beings there is a naturally agreed upon law that we share with one another and that is to treat people with respect and dignity. The U.S. did not do this when they disregarded the treaty and the law to annex Hawaii. These are the reasons that Native Hawaiians are presently seeking reparations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to 1778, about 600,000 people, mostly all Native Hawaiia... ...om this injustice committed against human beings. Works Cited Castanha, Anthony. (1996, August). â€Å"A History of the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement: Roles and Impacts on Non-Hawaiians,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter 3. [10/14/00] Ellison, Ralph. (1986). â€Å"An Extravagance of Laughter.† Ways of Reading. Boston:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bedford/St. Martin’s, p.274. â€Å"Human Rights.† The World Book Encyclopedia, 1997 ed, p.678. Inouye, Dan. (2000, September 14). â€Å"U.S. Relationship with Native Hawaiians.† FDCH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Congressional Testimony. Online source: Academic Search Elite. [10/25/00] Jaffrey, Zia. (1998, February). â€Å"Truth and Reconciliation Commission Interview.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Progressive, Vol. 62 Issue 11, p.18. Jovik, Sonia P. and James O. Jovik. (1997). â€Å"History.† Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of Hawaii Press, p.408. MacKenzie, Melody Kapilialoha. (1991). Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook. Honolulu:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation/ Office of Hawaiian Affairs, p. 24. Walker, Alice. (1974). â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens.† Ways of Reading. Boston:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bedford/St. Martin’s, pp. 694-701.

Of Mice and Men: How does the author show sympathy for Curley’s wife Essay

On the ranch there is a well known woman merely referred to as ‘Curley’s Wife’. As the characters develop we find that she is not in fact the unimportant, nameless character we first perceive her as, but rather she is a relatively complex one, with much more to her than we first gather, causing us to feel sympathy for her later in the novel. In this essay I will state how John Steinbeck influenced the reader to feel sympathy for Curley’s wife, especially after making the reader prejudice towards her. Steinbeck creates sympathy for Curley’s wife in numerous ways, one being her name. The fact that she never has a name outside of the reference to her husband clearly shows the reader that her identity is surrendered to a heartless husband. Evidence of this is when she admits that her husband ‘aint a nice man’ and that she never truly wanted to marry him. This leaves the reader with a impression of a unhappy, isolated woman to the extent that there is sympathy regardless of her outrageous behavior towards Crooks. Alternatively, the lack of a name for this woman could could suggest she is insignificant and not as important of a character as George, Lennie or any of the other men on the ranch. It could also be referring to how during the Great Depression, women were oppressed and treated less equally. Steinbeck may have portrayed Curley’s wife in this light to allow the reader to recognize the inferior role of women at that time. The lack of name relegates Cur ley’s wife to an insignificant status like a lot of women in a 1930s society. Steinbeck enables the reader to see Curley’s Wife through migrant worker Candy’s eyes on their first encounter her, as in his dialogue he refers to her as a ‘tart’. Through his words, we develop an initial perception of Curley’s Wife as as a bit of a ‘floozie’. Furthermore, Candy effectively accuses her of acting disloyal to her newly married husband Curley by saying, ‘she got the eye’ for other men. The word ‘tart’ suggests she presents herself in an ostentatious manner. Before even being introduced to the woman, the reader is convinced she’s to blame for anything that goes wrong in Solidad. Her physical appearance of ‘†¦full, rouged lips†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, as  well as ‘fingernail painted red’ and elaborate hair, emphasize our preconceptions of her. I believe her attire is very significant to how we perceive her. She is said to be ‘heavily made up’ in primary colours (making her almost impossible to ignore or dismiss). This could be interpreted as her silent cry out for attention due to her being so isolated and lonely, after all there are no other woman on the ranch. Her appearance is portrayed as one of an actress or someone who has means of great luxury, this is why she is so incongruous on the ranch as she is not your typical housewife.. Her mien could also be construed as though she believes she is above any other woman who lives on a ranch, indicating she wants escape from her current lifestyle as her attire is suited for anything but her own. The description of her face being, ‘heavily made up’ could also propose the idea that she is insecure with her natural complexion. In other words, her face is a mask – it’s fake and not the real her. This makes a big connection of her ambitions of being an actress, a person that is constantly pretending to be someone they’re not. All of this contributes to the reader sympathising with her as she is so hopelessly insecure. On the other hand, Curley’s Wife’s appearance could be seen as naivety, and simply desire to be appreciated/noticed. Steinbeck may have portrayed Curley’s Wife with’ wide eyes’ to illustrate her as gullible or even that she is searching for something – which I believe was to be appreciated. If the text is analysed thoroughly, Steinbeck leaves subtle traces of evidence to help the reader understand her behaviour and fashionistic choices. ‘He says he was gonna put me in the movies’ is evidence of the ‘dream life’ Curley’s wife believed she was destined to have as she details twice ‘ I coulda been in movies†¦ I coulda sat in big hotels’ had her chance not have been stolen. This theme of lost opportunity or shattered dreams is often repeated throughout the story. The delusional mindset that leads to her cruel nature is the theme that makes the reader sympathetic to her. Red is a primary colour therefore people are attracted to it hence why Curley’s Wife wearing a lot of red may symbolise she desperately wants the  spotlight (attention) – much like many film stars. The description of ‘full rouged lips’ could be evidence of her attempt to be appreciated by the ranch workers; by drawing their attention to her lips it forces them to listen to what she has to say. Furthermore, another connotation of the colour is danger. A reason for Steinbeck portraying her as an associate of this colour may have been the foreshadowing of the blood that was to be shed. Finally, it is also a reminder of the girl in Weed who had a ‘red velvet’ dress that Lennie grabbed which caused him and George to go on the run, which we also know happens at the end of this novel. I believe Steinbeck structures Curley’s Wife’s character very intelligently as this subtle foreshadow indirectly makes a connection of the beginning and ending of the novel, also relating to her ambitions of being a movie star by the emphasis of a red ‘velvet’ dress. This indistinct description is often unnoticed causing the ‘reality vs: fantasy’ connection to be dismissed between Curley’s wife wearing a ‘cotton’ dress which immediately makes her no more than a housewife, however much she tries. Also on Curley’s Wife’s first appearance, the reader is made apparent of her alleged promiscuity as, ‘she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’, This suggestive and provocative body language justifies Candy’s statement of her and is hard evidence to the reader that she in fact a tart. However, we know this is not true. Curley’s wife shows similar traits to Crooks by standing in the door frame as he is isolated from it too. This causes the reader to feel sympathetic for her as she is secluded for being conceived as something she actually isn’t. Through no fault of her own, the men do not want to associate with her due them believing she is ‘jailbate’ ‘and a ‘rattrap’. This infers that the men are scared of her, something that frustrates her because she can’t comprehend why the men’s attitudes to her are so negative. The ‘rattrap’ could also be a forewarning of her escape to freedom which was only achievable by death. This is because once the rat trap’ (ie her) had been set off, it could no longer be used again, so effectively she committed suicide. I think that Curley’s wife and a rat are arguably similar as they are both hated by their relative society for being who / what they are, which is completely unfair. Also, rats are relatively small animals, this  could link to Curley’s wife as she feels and is perceived as dramatically insignificant on the Boss’ ranch. Curleys’ wife both talks and acts playfully and flirtatiously in front of the other workers. In my opinion she behaves in this manner because her sex is her only weapon to gain attention. Steinbeck could have been trying to make a point of her actions being relative to the era she lived in. I believe he deliberately portrayed her in this light with the intentions of making the reader feel sympathetic towards her in later chapters, but also to make the reader feel apologetic and penitent for labeling and being prejudice towards her. On one of her ‘looking for Curley’ routines she says, ‘They left all the weak ones here’ alluding to the three men, all ‘weak’ in their respective ways. However there is irony in this comment because she is seen as unworthy of a name thus why the reader can conclude that she’s unimportant. It is also ironic because she was left behind by all the men too, ‘Even Curley’. This causes the reader to feel sympathy for her as she is aware that she is just as marginalized as the ‘weak’ men. Evidence of this is when she rhetorically questions them. Here, the author is not only trying to show that Curley is a major obstacle in her having a proper conversation but Steinbeck is also emphasizing the fragmented relationship the couple have.The lonely and hostile side of the woman is revealed when she admits to feeling a shameless dissatisfaction with her life which inevitably causes the reader to feel remorse for her. Curley’s wife is again shown to be dislikeable by expressing bitterness when reffering to the men as ‘bindle stiffs- a nigger an’ a dum dum† The author presents her intense anger by stating â€Å"breathless with indignation† which explains her frustration. Finally, Steineck creates sympathy for Curley’s wife in the way that he portrayed her death as her true vulnerability is unmasked. ‘Ever’one knowed you’d mess things up.’ were the words from Candy when left in the barn with her body. The fact that none of the ranch workers, or even her husband, seemed to be particularly saddened of her death causes the reader to feel sympathy for her because it cements just how unappreciated she was. We  finally see her for the young victim she is as ‘the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache were all gone from her face’. This repetition of discontent symbolizes that death was her escape because she is now away from being negatively labelled and misinterpreted. Steinbeck uses imagery to present her at peace after her death as she is described as, ‘†¦very pretty†¦sweet and young†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This causes the reader to feel sympathetic as the character we first perceived her as is gone. Also, the description of ‘young’ furthered my sympathy towards her as it suggests to me she had a short and unfulfilled life. My sympathy for her is also heightened in this chapter because her vulnerability is now clearly identifiable, for example she failed to understand the danger of Lennie – despite the evidence of his violent power in her husband’s mutilated hand and the dead pup he is grasping. The basic idea in Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s wife’s corpse is that in death her beauty can finally be appreciated. Furthermore, who can’t feel sympathy for somebody that is dead from no fault of their own? Personally, I feel most sympathetic towards Curley’s wife more than any other character in the book because she was in a constant battle to be accepted. What makes me most sympathetic though is that in finally letting her guard down to confide in Lennie, she was murdered. Even in her death she is nothing more than a scapegoat as she is referred to as ‘no good’ by Candy. She was never considered as a person, only as Curley’s showcase trophy. Curley’s wife, as Steinbeck depicts her, does not share Lennie’s innocence. Steinbeck rests a measure of blame for the killing on the victim herself which causes the reader to yet again pity her unfortunate life. Moreover, I feel sympathetic towards her because her dreams were futile and it was only at death that she could be rid of all the male dominance that corrupted and controlled her life. After all, it was a man who gave her the ‘false hopes entity’ that followed her to her life on the ranch, and no matter how hard she tried, she couldn’t leave the past behind. She ‘had the eye’ restlessly searching for true love and affection. Steinbeck gave Curley’s wife a circular structure that represents no matter how hard she tried to progress to her ambitions, her cycle always involved her finishing at her starting point, therefore no progress could ever made because her life was the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbeginning of the end’.

10 Ways to Start Afresh This Year Essay

New Year’s Eve is all about looking back at your past and most importantly looking forward to your future. A new year always brings along a ray of sunshine and hope which makes us believe that no matter how amazing or terrible the past year was, this one will be much better! New Year is the time for new beginnings, so here is a list 10 resolutions which will hopefully mark 2013 as the best year you have had! See more: Homeless satire essay -Maliha Intikhab 1. Break a bad habit and make a good one You don’t have to start with a huge transition. Take baby steps, choose a bad habit of yours and slowly try to get rid of it. We, humans are living are living huge parts of our lives on auto pilot so breaking up a habit will only take you half way. From there, you have to try to build a new habit, but the good thing now is that you can consciously choose this one. 2. Organize yourself! Declutter all the mess in your room! Take some time to organize your closet, work area, or your drawers and you’ll notice that you will instantly feel relaxed. No matter how much you hate cleaning up, organizing your things  will always prove to be beneficial for you because this time you won’t have to sift through the pile of paper clutter in your drawer to find that English essay. 3. Do something different Do something that is completely out of character for you, not only would that really expand your horizons but you will also make lifelong memories. It could be something as easy as making friends with new people or something as crazy as sky diving or bungee jumping. Spend some time outside you comfort zone. Always remember, we only get to live once so better make the best of it. 4. Stop trying to be perfect! Perfection is actually a mind trap. Perfection means that you have reached the end of your journey, which in a human’s case is only possible when one is dead. Try to be better instead, because â€Å"better† will always leave room for improvement. And, perfection is really about embracing your imperfections, not hiding them. If everyone becomes â€Å"perfect†, then there will be no uniqueness, no individuality since our flaws are actually what make us rare. 5. Lighten Up I know all those exams are right around the corner, but trust me stressing out will get you nowhere. Instead, take a deep breath and calm down. Don’t pile your work up; give yourself a little break every now and then to just relax. You can be your worst enemy if you put pressure on yourself so why even do it? [pic] 6. Quit being a quitter Failure is not losing at something; it is giving up on something. Quitting something is not called starting over; it is called leaving something unfinished. We have to learn to take responsibilities. Do not give, keep fighting for your dreams. Then, even if I do not achieve my goal, I would still have the satisfaction that I tried my best. â€Å"If life gets you done, get right back up† 7. Spend less time online Now, I am not trying to be preachy here, but we spend way too much time improving our cyber social life than we spend on our real one. Instead of writing on someone’s wall, how about actually hanging out with them. I am not telling you to leave social media but just make sure you have a real social life. 8. Boost up your health routine No, I do not mean running on a treadmill until you run out of breath. I mean, slowly try to make your lives healthier. Instead of that pizza, how about have an apple for lunch. How about walking home rather than waiting for your driver to come pick you up. It is always these little things that make the biggest differences! 9. Set a list of goals Where would you like to see yourself in a year? Make a list of goals you want to achieve this year, and put it up somewhere you can see it every day. Statistics show that if you set goals for yourself, it makes it a lot more likely for you to achieve them. 10. Try to become a nicer person You do not have to start big, just complimenting your friend is good enough. Volunteer at your local hospital or at a retirement home. I can guarantee that it will be the best feeling in the world to know that you were the  reason behind someone’s smile.